On Metaphor
An organizational metaphor directs attention toward some features and away from others. A machine metaphor emphasizes control and repeatability; an ecosystem metaphor emphasizes interdependence and adaptation. Cynefin invites us to examine which assumptions fit the situation.
THE IDEA
On metaphor
“Reality is mediated by the language we use to describe it, the metaphors we use shape the world, and our interactions to it.” – Sonja Foss.
In our attempts to understand organizations better, we have over time, developed particular metaphors. Whether we engage with organizations as well-oiled machines or as eco-systems will profoundly affect how we manage risk and build (or nurture) resilience. Consider these statements:
“The classical mindset is that things go right because systems are well designed and scrupulously maintained, because procedures (and training) are complete and correct, because people behave as they are expected to – in particular that they do what they have been taught to do, and because designers (and analysts) can foresee and prepare for every contingency. If these assumptions are correct, then humans are clearly a liability, and performance variability a threat. The purpose of training and design is to constrain variability so that efficiency can be maintained.” – Erik Hollnagel
“Nature and evolution do not favor stability and equilibrium: instead, natural processes select for resilience and adaptability... for characteristics that foster evolvability. Living things learn from the past and anticipate the future and then modify themselves to handle ambiguity, uncertainty, and unwelcome perturbations. Handle and manage, not avoid and eliminate ambiguity and uncertainty.” – Alicia Juarrero
Cynefin invites us to examine these metaphors in relation to ordered, complex, or chaotic situations. The question is which assumptions about control, variation, and adaptation fit the conditions we face.
When to use it
When designing organizational structures or processes, evaluate whether a mechanical or ecological metaphor better fits the domain (ordered vs. complex).
During crisis management, adopt a living-systems metaphor to encourage flexibility, learning, and adaptation rather than rigid control.
In strategic planning sessions, use Cynefin to categorize the situation and then deliberately choose a metaphor that aligns with the domain characteristics.
When introducing change, examine how the prevailing metaphor shapes what people expect to control and what they expect to adapt to.
FROM THEORY TO EVERYDAY LIFE
In practice
Classical vs. Complexity Metaphors
A machine metaphor directs a manager toward predictable processes, maintenance, and consistent performance. An ecosystem metaphor directs attention toward relationships, adaptation, and changing conditions. Each highlights useful questions while leaving others less visible.
A MOMENT TO REFLECT
Put it to work.
How does viewing your organization as a machine vs. an ecosystem change your approach to risk management and decision-making?
What metaphors are embedded in the language your team uses? How might those metaphors limit or enable adaptive responses?
Think of a recent challenge your organization faced. Could a different metaphor have led to a more effective strategy?
Often confused with
CONTINUE THE CONVERSATION
Source texts
- Cynefin - Weaving Sense-Making into the Fabric of Our World ED02 (Dave Snowden Sonja Blignaut Zhen Goh)